The global health crisis of the 21st century includes not only diseases and epidemics, but also a more invisible, but equally serious problem: nutritional deficiencies. Despite advances in medical and nutritional sciences, over 5 billion people worldwide suffer from severe deficiencies in essential micronutrients important to their health. This phenomenon is not easily perceived, but it has effects that affect the health, development and quality of life of many people.
A recent study, published in The Lancet Global Health, (“Global estimation of dietary micronutrient inadequacies: a modelling analysis“) sheds light on the extent of the problem, revealing that over two-thirds of the world’s population do not consume adequate amounts of four essential vitamins and minerals. These deficiencies are not limited to low- and middle-income countries, but affect people in all parts of the world, regardless of economic status.
What did the research show?
The study, which was carried out by a team of experts from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the University of California-Santa Barbara, is the first to provide a comprehensive global assessment of micronutrient deficiencies in the diet. The researchers analyzed data from 185 countries, covering 99.3% of the world’s population. The research focused on measuring the intake of iodine, vitamin E, calcium, iron, riboflavin, folate and vitamin C.
Top deficiencies – iodine in first place
The research findings are alarming. More than 5 billion people do not consume enough iodine, vitamin E or calcium. Almost 5 billion have insufficient iron intake, while over 4 billion people are deficient in riboflavin, folate and vitamin C. These deficiencies affect significant percentages of the population: 68% for iodine, 67% for vitamin E and 66% for calcium, with iron deficiency reaching 65% of the world’s population.
The consequences of these deficiencies are serious. Iodine deficiency can affect thyroid function and brain development, especially in fetuses and young children. Vitamin E, which acts as an antioxidant, protects cells from damage. Calcium is essential for healthy bones and teeth, while iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen around the body.
Differences between men and women
The study also revealed differences in deficiencies between men and women. Women are more likely to be deficient in iodine, vitamin B12, iron and selenium, while men are more likely to be deficient in magnesium, vitamin B6, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin A, thiamin and niacin.
The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address these deficiencies. Proposed solutions include fortifying food with essential nutrients, promoting variety in the diet and using supplements. However, strategies must be adapted to the specific needs and cultural conditions of different regions. Ty Beal, senior technical specialist at the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, said: “The results are alarming. More people than we thought, in all regions and countries, do not consume enough of many essential micronutrients. These deficiencies negatively affect health and limit human potential globally.”
